Looking into the Revolution Pro Wrestling’s British Heavyweight Championship gives you an interesting bit of British independent wrestling history. When I first got into indie wrestling in the early aughts, the two plucky companies putting on shows in the UK were the Frontier Wrestling Alliance and International Pro Wrestling United Kingdom. From my perspective, FWA was notable because it was the home base of Jody Fleisch and Johnny Storm, who became popular on the American indie scene. And IPW:UK was notable because they co-promoted shows with Dragon Gate in England.
In 2001, FWA established the All England Championship. In 2005, IPW:UK established the IPW:UK Heavyweight Championship. Around the same time, the two companies engaged in an interpromotional feud. As part of the feud, Leroy Kincaide won the All England Championship and began defending it on IPW:UK shows. FWA eventually stripped him of the title and crowned a new champion, but Kincaide kept defending it in IPW:UK as though he’d never lost it. A very similar story to how the WWE Championship was originally created in 1963. Now both companies had their own version of the All England Championship.
In 2009, Kincaide defeated Alex Shane to unify the IPW:UK Heavyweight Championship and their version of the All England Championship. They renamed the belt IPW:UK British Heavyweight Championship. And while that’s where we begin our review here, it’s not the end of the title drama related to this belt.
February 21, 2010 – Sittingbourne, Kent
Dave Mastiff def. Leroy Kinkaide {IPW:UK British Heavyweight Championship Match}
From the fourth No Escape. Mastiff looks so weird to me when he’s both beardless and shirtless. I guess it’s the beard that helps him obscure the blatant way he called moves here. Dude, your hand is not big enough to cover your mouth. It was actually kind of funny. This match was feverishly basic. Kinkaide kind of had a John Cena with less charisma thing going on. And Mastiff was just a thick boy, but not yet a thicc boi. He got the win with a bodyslam and a senton at 15:35. Extremely medium stuff here. **½
May 15, 2011 – Sittingbourne, Kent
Sha Samuels def. Dave Mastiff and Takeshi Morishima {IPW:UK British Heavyweight Championship Elimination Match}
From the third Sittingbourne Spectacular. Remember when people cared about Morishima? Boy, did that guy’s wrestling journey not end well. He did next to nothing in this match, barely hitting a move before getting eliminated only a few minutes in. Did y’all know Mastiff used to do a double jump Arabian press? I said goddamn. That was followed by a Finlay Roll, a diving elbowdrop from Samuels, and a senton from Mastiff for the elimination. That was so so weird. Why would Morishima come to England to do that? It’s a real shame too, because Mastiff throwing Morishima around was interesting. Mastiff having a dull punch n’ kick with Samuels didn’t do as much for me. Rockstar Spud ran out and gave Samuels the title belt, with which he hit Mastiff for the win at 11:58. It is a rare occasion that I see a match start so promisingly and dive so quickly off of a cliff. **
Here’s where things get interesting again. A year after Samuels won the title, IPW:UK booker Andy Quildan left the company to form Revolution Pro Wrestling after a falling out with IPW:UK owner (and alleged sex predator) Daniel Edler, stating that he wanted to maintain a quality wrestling company and couldn’t do that at IPW:UK. Quildan took the titles with him, though IPW:UK still recognized Samuels as their champion. Samuels defended the separate (but really the same) titles in both companies simultaneously, though there wasn’t actually a lot of overlap because RevPro didn’t kick off until the end of 2012 and IPW:UK ran mostly weird, rebuilding shows in the first half of 2013. But the crux of this tale is this is why you see the exact same lineage for the first chunk of IPW:UK and RevPro’s heavyweight title history.
March 31, 2013 – Sittingbourne, Kent
Colt Cabana def. Sha Samuels {RevPro British Heavyweight Championship Match}
From the inaugural High Stakes. The RevPro fans are much more engaged than the IPW:UK fans were, and they’re all in on Cabana. In return, Cabana was fully in his element. He got to do his old timey British wrestling in front of British fans, he got to be funny, and he got to have the big babyface comeback in the end. Samuels’ title reign had been filled with questionable finishes, so the referee refused to disqualify him or (at the request of Cabana) count him out of the ring. The best moment in the match was Samuels throwing a chair into Cabana’s hands and playing dead, but as the referee still wasn’t quite back to his feet Cabana just threw the chair back at Samuels’ face. Cabana put on the Chicago Crab for the win at 16:58. There was much fun to be had here. Samuels lost the IPW:UK version of the title at the end of 2013, and that was the end of any connection between the two championships. ***½
March 15, 2014 – Bethnal Green, London
Marty Scurll def. Colt Cabana {RevPro British Heavyweight Championship Iron Fist Match}
From the second High Stakes. It’s an Ironman Match. Scurll won the point by duct taping Cabana to the guardrail and getting a count out win. By the logic of this match, shouldn’t Scurll get disqualified for using a foreign object? Anyway, Scurll tried to run out the clock after that (though that isn’t to say that he stalled the whole time; the action was consistent), lasting until the twenty minute mark. But then he got cocky and tried to hit a Go2Sleep as an insult to Cabana. It didn’t work and Cabana caught him with the Chicago Crab to tie the match. Scurll quickly took the lead again by hitting Cabana with a chain. He then tapes himself to the top rope under the assumption that it will prevent Cabana from getting his shoulders to the mat. That’s another weird quirk of the rules because refusing to get out of the ropes should also lead to a disqualification. The commentators try to talk their way around it, but everything they’re saying breaks wrestling logic. Why wouldn’t every chickenshit heel just always hide in the ropes if this was legal? Then they do the least interesting thing and Cabana, with the clock clicking down, slowly walks to get a pair of scissors and cut Scurll from the ropes. Then he hits the Go2Sleep to tie the match and the time limit expires shortly thereafter. Cabana agrees to an overtime. That bites him in the ass when Samuels and Terry Frazier interfere and Scurll puts on the crossface chickenwing for the win at 2:50 of overtime. I found a lot of this very irritating, to the point that the bad overshadowed the decent. **¼
June 14, 2015 – Bethnal Green, London
AJ Styles def. Marty Scurll {RevPro British Heavyweight Championship Match}
From the fourth RevPro Summer Sizzler. Hilariously, IPW:UK kept calling shows Summer Sizzler as well and put one on a month after this. In the 15 months that Scurll expanded his Revolutionists stable, but they all got booted from ringside before the match. He also updated his look to the one he’d keep until he was forced to leave the wrestling business. Styles came into this as the IWGP Heavyweight Champion, so RevPro’s partnership with NJPW was clearly in full swing by this point. This was pretty one-sided, though that’s not surprising. Scurll only really had control early on after shoving Styles’ gut into the guardrail. But after that, even when he had the crossface chickenwing on it didn’t feel like he’d win. Styles put him down with a singles Styles Clash at 18:52. They did a nice job building to the move with a couple of close calls sprinkled into the match. But otherwise this was fine, just fine. Styles lost the IWGP title a short time after this. ***¼
January 16, 2016 – Bethnal Green, London
Zack Sabre Jr def. AJ Styles {RevPro British Heavyweight Championship Match}
From the fourth High Stakes. Yeah so okay this was terrific. It was nothing more than dope counters for twenty minutes without falling into the trap of being overly flashy. Massive impact moves would have taken away from the real fun, which was Sabre finding different ways to stretch Styles and Styles finding different ways to slam his way out of them. That is, until he could not find any other ways to slam Sabre. I refuse to rephrase that. Sabre mechanically brought Styles down to the mat, locked him in a Rings of Saturn, and then pinned back his leg to completely trap the champion and force the submission victory at 18:56. A week later, Styles made a surprise WWE debut in the Royal Rumble and nine months later, he became WWE Champion. So things were working out just fine for him. ****
November 10, 2016 – Bethnal Green, London
Katsuyori Shibata def. Zack Sabre Jr. {RevPro British Heavyweight Championship Match}
From the second Global Wars UK. Shibata spent most of 2016 as NJPW’s NEVER Openweight Champion, but this match occurred during a 10-day gap in his reign. I believe this is the first match of his I’ve ever reviewed, and maybe the first I’ve ever seen. And I like his style. It’s quite similar to Sabre’s, though more quick to resort to ferocious kicking. The pacing here felt just a little off, and the crowd clearly felt it because they fell quite more than once. I loved the finish, which was similar in style but not in movement to Sabre’s title win. Shibata worked a sleeper hold, but hit a sleeper suplex when Sabre got close to the ropes. Then he went back to the sleeper, really locked it in, released it when he felt Sabre was out, and then hit a penalty kick for the win at 16:39. Sabre at least had the PWG Championship to fall back on. ***½
March 6, 2017 – Tokyo, Japan
Zack Sabre Jr. def. Katsuyori Shibata {RevPro British Heavyweight Championship Match}
From NJPW’s 45th Anniversary Show. I was kind of just doing a running bit when I mentioned that Sabre was PWG Champ in the last match as a way of flexing how many titles I’d reviewed, but he actually came out to the ring here wearing the PWG title and th EVOLVE Championship, which he’d just won. Looking at the Sabre matches I’ve reviewed, I don’t know why he isn’t in the front of my mind in terms of great wrestlers. I rate his matches as spectacular more consistently than just about anyone. I wonder why I don’t fanboy over him when I’m not actually watching him so much. I’m bummed that this didn’t get more time, but it was on smack dab in the middle of the show and was not a priority. Sabre stayed focused on Shibata’s arm here, which he started to do but then abandoned in their last match. Shibata looked like he was going to win this the same way he won the title, but Minoru Suzuki and Davey Boy Smith Jr. ran out and kept the champ from hitting the penalty kick. Suzuki hit Shibata with a piledriver and Sabre hit the penalty kick for the win at 12:36. Drag of a finish, as the match was shaping up to be better than their London match. Split the difference and it’s the same quality overall. ***½
April 6, 2018 – New Orleans, Louisiana
Tomohiro Ishii def. Zack Sabre Jr. {RevPro Undisputed British Heavyweight Championship Match}
From WrestleCon. This was a pretty good smash-‘em-up. I imagine matches like this work a little bit better for the live crowd than they do after the fact. Still, this had some very compelling near-falls, to the point that even though I knew Ishii won here (he’d have to, given the nature of these reviews) I was surprised to see him kick out of one or two of Sabre’s pinning contortions. In the end, Ishii took the gold with a brainbuster at 20:04. ***½
July 1, 2018 – Manchester, Greater Manchester
Minoru Suzuki def. Tomohiro Ishii {RevPro Undisputed British Heavyweight Championship Match}
From Strong Style Evolved UK. I wonder why Cagematch only lists this as a RevPro show when it’s clearly a co-production with NJPW. Suzuki came into this match as one-half of the RevPro tag champs. I don’t think I get the same value out of these two that most people do. I enjoy their tough guy gimmicks, but Ishii’s selling is super goofy and Suzuki’s is almost non-existent. I know that’s the point, especially when two fellas with similar styles fight each other, but it makes it hard for me to get invested when no one is in control of the match for long before the other guy takes over out of nowhere. It was entertaining, but I can’t imagine I’ll remember it in a week because the story was just “we’re both tough as nails.” From what I can tell, they’ve had other, better matches against each other. Suzuki got the win with the cradle piledriver at 20:30. ***¼
October 14, 2018 – Brixton, London
Tomohiro Ishii def. Minoru Suzuki {RevPro Undisputed British Heavyweight Championship Match}
From the fourth Global Wars UK. So this show IS co-produced with New Japan? This one feels very much like just a RevPro show, aesthetically at least. I liked this a bit more than their match from July as it felt a lot more coherent. Ishii was at a disadvantage the whole match. Whenever they’d square up, Ishii would double over first, and Suzuki would throw that in his face over and over again. There wasn’t much to Ishii winning aside from a better ability this time around to withstand Suzuki’s offense. He put the champion down with a brainbuster at 24:06. ***½
January 4, 2019 – Tokyo, Japan
Zack Sabre Jr. def. Tomohiro Ishii {RevPro Undisputed British Heavyweight Championship Match}
From NJPW Wrestle Kingdom 13. They debut a new title belt design here, looking now like the photo above. I rather prefer the original design; this one looks like a knockoff of the NEVER Openweight Championship. As for the match, I quite like fun little bop Ishii compared to attempted epic Ishii. Here he had just enough time to get across that he’s a supercharged tuna can, but not so much time that it starts to feel redundant. Sabre had his number throughout the match, predicting his movements, absorbing his offense where he could, and then popping up to work over the arm before retreating. And that’s what won him the match, as he made Ishii submit to the Hurrah! Another Year, Surely This One Will Be Better Than the Last; The Inexorable March of Progress Will Lead Us All to Happiness at 11:35. Yes, that’s the name of the move. We get it, Sabre, you’re hip and like obscure English bands. ***½
August 31, 2019 – Hackney, London
Hiroshi Tanahashi def. Zack Sabre Jr. {RevPro Undisputed British Heavyweight Championship Match}
From NJPW Royal Quest. Tanahashi was fresh off a very short IWGP Heavyweight Championship reign and needed a bit of redemption. He was an awesome foil for Sabre here, totally game to work Sabre’s style as if it was his own in every match. Sabre zeroed in on the arm to the point of myopia, not realizing that it left huge gaps for Tanahashi to hit his signature moves and did little to stop them. Maybe he should have attacked the leg instead. Indeed, Tanahashi nailed him with the High Fly Flow for the win at 17:36. ***¾
September 15, 2019 – Beppu, Oita
Zack Sabre Jr. def. Hiroshi Tanahashi {RevPro Undisputed British Heavyweight Championship Match}
From NJPW Destruction in Beppu. So much for Tanahashi’s short title reign redemption. This had everything I liked about the last match, just a lot more of it. The counters leading to the finish were breathtaking. I especially loved the part that saw Sabre get frustrated and start putting on holds on the apron, breaking them when he had to and reapplying them quickly until the referee lost his cool. What a neat exhibition of the style. Sabre caught Tanahashi with a tight roll up for the win at 26:43. ****¼
February 14, 2020 – Bethnal Green, London
Will Ospreay def. Zack Sabre Jr. {RevPro Undisputed British Heavyweight Championship Match}
From the eighth High Stakes. RevPro finally got their championship back in their own ring. The title hadn’t been defended in RevPro in seven months. I’ve always been a little bit skeptical of Ospreay fandom. I don’t know why I’ve been so hard on his fans and on him, as I’ve consistently reviewed matches I’ve seen from him very positively. Where I feel blah about seeing Sabre’s name despite always liking his matches, I feel kind of negative seeing Ospreay’s despite the same kind of data pointing to me liking his work. Here, the two of them combined to put on a match that I don’t think any two other wrestlers living could do. It really blew me away, breaking my brain with counters that I can’t hope to see anywhere else. I loved it a lot. Ospreay gutted out a victory with the Hidden Blade and the Stormbreaker at 29:14. ****¾
Osrpeay defended the title in RevPro and not in NJPW twice in 2020, once before the company’s pandemic hiatus and once after it. He won the IWGP World Heavyweight Championship in April of 2021 but got injured shortly thereafter. If you’re curious how RevPro resolved their injured champion issue (keeping in mind it was a rather neat way of getting out of that particular pickle), keep an eye out for a future post where I cover it.
From Diamond Ring Kensuke Office Changes. They emphasize that Nakajima beat Dragon Gate wrestler Kenichiro Arai
From Dynamite 131. This is a qualifying match for the Owen Hart Foundation tournament. Joe debuted at ROH Supercard of Honor, saving Jonathan Gresham from Jay Lethal (whose soul searching apparently led him to turn heel) & Sonjay Dutt after the main event. And now that ROH and AEW are the same thing, that seems worth mentioning. Caster’s pre-match rap was cute. This was real squashy, with Joe needing only two minutes to put Caster down with the Muscle Buster at 2:52. Lethal & Dutt pop up on the big screens and Lethal says he’d been trying to get a hold of Joe during his difficult soul searching time, and Joe never picked up. They have a present for Joe next week. N/A
From Dynamite 132. Jay Lethal & Sonjay Dutt were in the front row cheering on Joe. Sarcastically, probably, as they brawled with Joe at ROH Supercard of Honor XV.
From Rampage 39.
From Dynamite 137.
From Dynamite 138. This is a
From Double or Nothing.
From PWF York Cougar Football Fundraiser. I didn't know that this match happened until over a month after the fact. This started out as a non-title match, but we'll get to why I've listed it as a title match in a moment. FTR have Mick Foley in their corner while their opponents have Bill Behrens. I’ve never actually seen Behrens do an on-camera gig before. He's holding a tennis racket, presumably as an Umaga to Jim Cornette. But it's confusing because there was actually a tennis player named Bill Behrens. They announce this match as having a 20-minute time limit. Only 11 minutes in, they say there are three minutes remaining. Until then, this was as run-of-the-mill as a modern FTR match gets. But the announcement snapped everyone out of their heat-on-Wheeler funk and forced them to go for desperate pins. They announce ten seconds remaining a couple of times, but no one can get the roll up pin they're looking for. The 20-minute time limit expires at 1
From NXT UK 183. McGuinness started by essentially saying that Fraser is going to pee or poo himself during the match. Unnecessary. Had Shawn Michaels been game to have a good match against Vader, this is what it would have looked like. Actually, a more appropriate and modern analogue is Brock Lesnar vs. Seth Rollins from SummerSlam. Much like that match, Frazer used quick strikes and avoided his larger opponent’s signature big move to stay alive. Here it was the powerbomb whereas there it was suplexes. Here, Frazer also successfully damaged WALTER’s knee, which slowed the big man down and made it hard for WALTER to hit the powerbomb. Unfortunately for Frazer, WALTER was able to bide his time and clothesline Frazer’s legs out from under him. An inevitable powerbomb followed and won the match for WALTER at 14:02. I hate to say this because I’m happy that he’s healthier, but the way WALTER has slimmed down has taken some of the magic away from his aura. At least for me it has. That said, dude can clearly still go as well as ever in the ring. ****
From NXT 659. Strong was feeling it here, which is thanks in large part to the crowd being maniacally loud from the get go I’m sure. His whole game was fast and devastating stick and move attacks. That worked pretty well, as WALTER was dazed from time to time. But as with all good WALTER matches (which is pretty much all WALTER matches), everything WALTER does is devastating here so it takes very little for him to take back control. And eventually he did just that and hit the powerbomb for the win at 9:46 (shown of 12:18). After the match, WALTER gets on the microphone and says that his name is Gunther now. I did not think WALTER would be a victim of the renaming curse this far into his run. What will they rename Strong?! ***¾
From NXT UK 185. Andy Shepherd helpfully announces from inside the ring that the reason for the stipulation is that the feud has gotten so violent that it wouldn’t be safe to have fans around. Devlin says during the match that it’s because he thinks Dragunov could only muster the energy to win if he had the crowd behind him. I like that explanation a lot more. The only real reason I could think of to do this without fans is that there was a scheduling conflict with one of the wrestlers for the regular TV taping date and they needed to get this thing filmed. We just had such a long stretch of empty arena NXT UK episodes that I can’t imagine anyone was dying to get another taste of it. This aired the day after Adam Cole vs. Orange Cassidy in a match that was also no disqualification and falls count anywhere, and this served up everything I felt was missing from that match. Now you might say, “Brad, Cassidy is not the same kind of character as Devlin or Dragunov, how could you expect the same level of violence or intensity?” To that I say, when Cassidy started his match by breaking his own sunglasses and rapidly punching Cole, he was indicating that level of violence and/or intensity. And instead the match was mostly wacky. Anyway, this was not wacky. It was stiff and intense and featured weapons that made sense and spots the didn’t take forever to set up. Dragunov got in trouble when his eye injury acted up. Devlin took control and beat the crap out of him. I wasn’t wild about how meek Dragunov was when Devlin was zip tying his hands, but I did like that in the end it turned out to be an error on Devlin’s part anyway because Dragunov’s finisher requires no hands. And indeed, a bound Dragunov jumped off the steel steps (which had been brought into the ring) and hit the Torpedo Moskau on Devlin for the win at 21:43. NXT UK is still sneaking in these dope matches that no one is watching. Y’all should watch them. ****¼
From AAA Triplemania Regia. FTR come out with Vickie Guerrero. This was supposed to be explained at an earlier AAA taping but FTR and Guerrero all missed them. AAA is notorious for having this kind of luck/being incompetent lately. FTR is also wearing Eddie Guerrero tribute tights, with American flags on one side and flames on the other, I suppose to pay homage to his Gringos Locos and Latino Heat gimmicks. This match mostly sucked, but one cool spot saw FTR tie Pentagon’s mask to the ropes and force him to unmask with his hands over his face to stop them from climbing the ladder. That would have been a very meaningful moment to lead up to the Lucha Brothers winning the titles back, but unfortunately instead it led into nothing. He just got his mask back and the match continued on in its lame, derivative way. At one point, Pentagon was the only man standing, but instead of climbing the ladder he grabbed a table from the floor. So the titles mean enough to him that he’d unmask to stop his opponents from winning, but not enough for him to get the titles when he had a clear path to do it? Vickie powered Pentagon, causing him to voluntarily jump through the table and Harwood grabbed the belts at 12:12. This was abysmal. *
From AEW Full Gear. Silver was hamming it up a lot more here than he was the year before in New York. That said, this had stronger just-a-match vibes than the aforementioned match. After Silver ripped out Cassidy’s pockets, Cassidy turned up the heat and these guys put on a middle of the row undercard match. Not bad by any means, but nothing memorable either. Cassidy hit the Beach Break rather out of nowhere for the win at 9:42. **¾
From the second Honor Reigns Supreme. The commentators sold this as Gresham getting a big shot against a top ROH guy after being an also-ran in the Television Championship division for a while. This was terrific. Both guys did a fantastic job selling their respective targeted limbs, and Gresham in particular played the role of the tenacious underdog perfectly. He didn’t just watch to see where Lethal would have trouble executing his finisher because of the damage he’d done to the former ROH Champion’s arm, he pressed the assault whenever he could, taking out the arm to make sure the Lethal Injection would never come. But what he couldn’t do was stop Lethal from battering his knee and ultimately winning with a Figure 4 Leglock at 17:54. ****¼
From the second Masters of the Craft. Columbus has way more Gresham fans than Concord did. That’s a neat little advancement to the plot, innit? They both went after the same limbs that earned them dividends in their previous match. And then they went ahead and built an incredible match out of that story. At first it seemed as though Lethal wasn’t going to be able to get Gresham’s leg to give out. But about halfway through the match, Gresham’s knee was in trouble. Gresham was able to escape the leglock this time by using the momentum of Lethal pulling him away from the ropes to shift to an armbar. But Gresham’s focus on the arm bit him in the ass. Lethal went for the Lethal Injection and collapsed again, but when Gresham went for a roll up after that Lethal cut back on it for the win at 18:27. This is one of the best American examples that I've seen of a match building on the match that came before. Rather than try to outdo the maneuvers from their first meeting for the sake of a big crowd reaction, they adjust their game plans in logical ways that, to me, were just as exciting. I think this match is slept on, by virtue of the fact that I’ve never heard anything about it before watching it. ****½
From ROH Wrestling 364. In real life,
From Death Before Dishonor XVII. Gresham and Lethal had been teaming, but Gresham grew frustrated and started heeling. Ultimately, he turned on Lethal. It took them a little while to get there, but once they got into a groove this was exactly what I wanted from this match. It was back to their old tricks, with Lethal targeting the leg to set up for the Figure 4 Leglock and Gresham targeting the arm to block the Lethal Injection and set up for his Octopus. In the end, Lethal tried the cutback trick that worked for him in Columbus, but Gresham countered to a pin and then put on the gnarliest Octopus for his first win over Lethal at 17:20. This is the best kind of wrestling series. And none of it felt stale because it was a year after they’d wrestled last and because they found ways to energize the old tropes. And that’s not to mention Gresham busting out what I can only describe as a sumo-style assault. Gresham and Lethal make up after the match. ****
From ROH Wrestling 500. During the pandemic, ROH made the most of their empty arena shows by kicking them off with a tournament to crown a champion for the revived Pure Championship. Gresham won the tournament, and this was his fourth defense of the title. Lethal and Gresham were still allies here. In an interesting move, the other match on this milestone episode was two other partners fighting in Jay and Mark Briscoe. They cut to a commercial break about six minutes in, though the action didn’t get beyond (admittedly fast-moving) mat wrestling until the 10-minute mark. That had me thinking this was going to go long, but things took a different turn. Both guys had abused the other’s shoulders, and Lethal used that to his advantage best. He forced Gresham to use his first rope break to stop a pin, and his second to escape a crab. Then, he used the failed Lethal Injection to bait Gresham into a crossface, forcing the champ to use his final rope break. But he made the mistake of giving Gresham a breather and was quickly caught in a head scissor takedown giving Gresham the winning pin at 14:06 (shown of 16:40). For an empty arena match, this held my attention. It was totally different than their previous matches while still using a couple elements from the rivalry to elevate it just a bit. Not essential viewing, but if you’re working your way through their series you shouldn’t skip it. ***¼ 


